柽柳灌丛关键物候参数多种植被指数遥感提取的适用性——基于CO2通量观测和Sentinel-2数据

本研究以额济纳绿洲四道桥超级站为研究区,结合2018—2019年涡度通量、气象数据和2017—2020年Sentinel-2遥感影像,分析通量塔总初级生产力(GPP)与环境因子的关系,评估12种遥感植被指数对柽柳灌丛长势模拟和关键物候参数提取的适用性。采用7参数双逻辑斯蒂函数(DL-7)+全局模型函数(GMF)拟合GPP和各植被指数生长曲线,并逐年提取生长季始期(SOS)、生长季峰期(POS)和生长季末期(EOS)3种关键物候参数。结果表明: 有效积温(GDD)和土壤含水量是影响柽柳灌丛物候动态的主要环境因子。与2018年相比,2019年由于气温较低,SOS前的积温累积速率较慢,柽柳灌丛需要更长时间的热量积累来进入生长季,从而导致2019年SOS比2018年晚。在SOS与POS之间,2018和2019年水热条件相似,但2019年POS比2018年晚8 d,可能是2019年SOS较晚所致。POS以后,2019年较高的GDD和较低的土壤含水量使柽柳灌丛遭受水分胁迫,导致其生长季后期时间缩短。标准化的Sentinel-2植被指数与10:00—14:00 GPP均值的线性回归结果表明,宽波段植被指数中的增强型植被指数和窄波段植被指数中的叶绿素红边指数、倒红边叶绿素指数、红边归一化植被指数(NDVI705)能够较好地反映与柽柳灌丛GPP具有较高的一致性。柽柳灌丛SOS和EOS的遥感提取结果表明,Sentinel-2窄波段植被指数比宽波段植被指数的准确性更高,尤其是修正叶绿素吸收反射率指数提取SOS最准确,MERIS陆地叶绿素指数提取EOS最准确;Sentinel-2宽波段植被指数提取POS的准确性更高,尤其是两波段增强型植被指数和植被近红外反射率指数最准确。综合所有物候参数来看,NDVI705综合表现最佳。     

高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌TJ-3的絮凝特性分析

从活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效絮凝剂产生菌TJ-3, 经生理生化试验检测其属于革兰氏阴性菌, 短杆状, 16S rDNA测序鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌。生长曲线表明, TJ-3的生长稳定期较长, 所产微生物絮凝剂(MBF)的稳定性良好。TJ-3产MBF对高岭土悬液具有良好的絮凝效果, 最佳条件下的絮凝率为98.2%。絮凝活性分布实验结果表明, TJ-3所产MBF的活性物质大部分存在于离心后的沉淀物中。处理100 mL高岭土悬液, pH值8.5、1%(质量分数)CaCl2溶液投加量3.5 mL、菌液投加量1.5 mL时, 絮凝效果最佳。     

How to monitor elusive lizards: comparison of capture–recapture methods on giant day geckos (Gekkonidae, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis) in the Masoala rainforest exhibit, Zurich Zoo

Rapid and reliable estimation of population size is needed for the efficient monitoring of animal populations of conservation concern. Unfortunately, technical advances in this area have not been paralleled in uptake in conservation, which may be due to difficulties in implementation or the lack of general guidelines for application. Here we tested five different methods used to estimate population size [capture–mark–recapture (CMR), finite-mixture models, model averaging of finite-mixture models, accumulation curve methods (ACM), and the line transect method (LT)] using extensive capture–recapture data of the giant day gecko (Gekkonidae, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, Gray 1870) at the Masoala rainforest exhibit, Zurich Zoo. When the complete data were analyzed [30 sessions (and 27 sessions for the LT)], all methods except the LT produced similar estimates of population size. The simple ACM gave a small coefficient of variation (CV), but did not cover the most likely value of population size at moderate sampling effort. Nevertheless, the ACM was the only method that showed a reasonable convergence when subsets of data were used. CMR and Pledger models included the reference value in their confidence intervals (CI) after 25 and 30 sessions, respectively. Although model averaging did slightly improve the estimate, the CV was still high for the full dataset. Our method of using subsets of data to test the robustness of estimates is simple to apply and could be adopted more widely in such analyzes to evaluate sensitivity to method of evaluation. In conclusion, simple accumulation methods showed similar efficiency to more complex statistical models, and are likely to be sufficiently precise for most conservation monitoring purposes. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Enhancing captive breeding in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): maintaining lactation when cubs are rejected,and understanding variation in milk collection and associated factors

From 1997 to 2002, a female giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was artificially stimulated and lactation was maintained, after her neonates were removed due to the female's inability to provide maternal care. Milk samples were collected and the amount of milk collected was quantified. The lactation curve of this animal was estimated based on the Gamma function: Y_t=at^be^−ct. The amount of milk collected showed significant, positive relationships with the number of days after parturition both in 1999 and in the whole study period from 1998 to 2002. This female's lactation curves fit the type I pattern of a typical mammalian lactation curve. Daily milk collection (g) during the first 30 days after parturition, and from 31 to 60 days after parturition, showed a consistent pattern with one peak at around 8:00 hr. More milk was collected during the latter period than during the former period. The amount of milk (g) collected on mucus excretion days was significantly less than that on days after mucus excretion had ended, yet no significant difference was found between milk collected one day before mucus days and on mucus days, or between milk collected one day before and one day after mucus days. Mucus excretion from the gastrointestinal tract significantly impacted the amount of milk collected. The results from this study may aid the captive propagation and conservation of giant pandas and other endangered and rare captive mammal species. Zoo Biol 28:331–342, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Bacterial growth properties at low optical densities

A method for accurate quantification of growth rate and yield of bacterial populations at low densities was developed with a modified version of a stepwise linear model for fitting growth curves based on optical density measurements, and adapted to measurements at low optical densities in 96-well microtiter plates. The method can be used for rapid and precise estimates of growth rate and yield, based on optical density measurements of large numbers of cultures of Escherichia coli. E. coli B lines were serially propagated at low glucose concentration during a long-term evolution experiment. Growth rate and yield of populations sampled from each of 12 lines that evolved for 20,000 generations under these conditions and two ancestral clones was measured. Populations were grown at three different glucose concentrations. Consistent with earlier findings, statistical analysis showed that both exponential growth rate and yield per unit of glucose differed significantly between the three glucose concentrations tested. Significant adaptation of the evolved populations to the nutrient conditions in which they evolved for 20,000 generations was observed. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A Parametric ROC Model‐Based Approach for Evaluating the Predictiveness of Continuous Markers in Case–Control Studies

Summary The predictiveness curve shows the population distribution of risk endowed by a marker or risk prediction model. It provides a means for assessing the model's capacity for stratifying the population according to risk. Methods for making inference about the predictiveness curve have been developed using cross‐sectional or cohort data. Here we consider inference based on case–control studies, which are far more common in practice. We investigate the relationship between the ROC curve and the predictiveness curve. Insights about their relationship provide alternative ROC interpretations for the predictiveness curve and for a previously proposed summary index of it. Next the relationship motivates ROC based methods for estimating the predictiveness curve. An important advantage of these methods over previously proposed methods is that they are rank invariant. In addition they provide a way of combining information across populations that have similar ROC curves but varying prevalence of the outcome. We apply the methods to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), a marker for predicting risk of prostate cancer.     

Factors controlling the colonial structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pediastrum tetras</Emphasis> (Chlorophyceae)

Accounting for morphological plasticity in phytoplankton populations is relevant for taxonomy, systematic/evolutionary, and ecological studies. In this work, the green alga Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs was used to describe the variation in population size structure over its growth cycle and to analyze responses to changes in biotic and abiotic factors. Pediastrum cultures reached a final stable concentration in approximately 10 days. This density (8 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) remained stable for at least another 13 days and the intrinsic growth rate was 0.24 ± 0.01 day⁻¹. In the exponential phase, the relative number of single cells and the proportion of large cells (with vesicles inside) within colonies increased. When density peaked, a relative increase of single cells as well as small cells in new colonies took place. Finally, during the stationary phase, the trend reversed: fewer single cells and a larger cell size (without vesicles) were observed. Results indicated that nutrient supply could affect population structure, diminishing the proportion of eight-cell colonies. Daphnia magna Straus significantly reduced the Pediastrum population density due to predation, and this led to a significant decrease in the density of the largest colonies. In addition, info-chemicals induced a slight increase in the density of the largest colonies compared to the control treatment. Our study suggests a possible trade-off in P. tetras colonial size in natural environments: during the stationary growth period in a lake, Pediastrum populations tend to increase in size for efficient use of nutrients, while they decrease in size in the presence of herbivores. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群动态研究

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编制南方铁杉种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、亏损度曲线、死亡密度函数曲线、积累死亡函数曲线和危险率函数曲线,分析种群生命过程。结果表明,南方铁杉有一个死亡最低峰,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。并应用谱分析方法研究南方铁杉种群动态,结果表明,在南方铁杉种群自然更新过程中并没有表现出明显的周期性。